JD & MLS (华盛顿大学法学院图书馆)
前言
一.政府出版物的出版发行与联邦寄存图书馆制度的发展历史
1. 立国之初:指定私人出版政府出版物及其寄存图书馆
2. 1860年:设立政府印刷局
3. 1930年代:出版发行《联邦公报》和《联邦行政法典》
4. 1940-1970年代:寄存制度普及发展和《信息自由法》施行
5. 1980年代后:进入电子时代
二. 政府印刷局〔Government Printing Office (GPO) 〕
1. 政府印刷局的主要任务
2. 政府印刷局的管理
3. 政府印刷局的职能
三. 联邦寄存图书馆制度(Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP))
1. 联邦寄存图书馆制度的基本使命
2. 联邦寄存制度的三项基本原则
3. 联邦寄存图书馆现况
4. 联邦寄存图书馆的作用
5. 联邦寄存图书馆指导委员会〔(Depository Library Council (DLC) 〕
四.政府出版物的编目
1.政府出版物的书架编号系统(The SuDoc Call Number System)
2.政府出版物的编目标准(Cataloging Standards)
五.政府文献图书馆专业的作用
1. 政府文献专业图书馆员
2. 政府文献专业图书馆分会
六.中国可以吸收的经验
1. 成立政府文献研究分会
2.完善和扩充政府公报内容
3.试行政府出版物的寄存制度
4.政府信息导航
5.鼓励信息公司出版政府信息
前言
《美国独立宣言》起草者之一,后来成为美国第三任总统的杰弗逊先生 (Thomas Jefferson) 曾说过“信息即民主的表述与传播” (Information is the Currency of Democracy)。基于美国开国先贤的这一立国理念,美国政府一直很重视政府信息的出版和传播。美国建国二百多年来在科技、文化、艺术、农业、工业、商业的、及综合国力高速发展并取得超级大国的地位,由此可见,信息的自由转播起了很大的推动作用。政府信息在各种信息中站有很重要的地位。就如“美国国家图书馆信息科学委员会 (The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science)”,在其2001年的一个有关《公众信息准入综合调查报告》(A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION)中指出:公众信息资源能够转化成为国家的战略资源,所以保证公众信息的出版和转播是确保民富国强的重要手段。
什么是政府出版物? 根据 《美国法典》44部19章1901节的定义(U.S. Code Title 44, Ch. 19, Sec. 1901),政府出版物是“政府出资出版或法律规定由政府出版的信息”(Informational matter which is published as an individual document at government expense, or as required by law)。在种类上包括: 法律、报告、文件、地图等;在形式包括: 印刷品、微缩、电子出版物、互联网等。美国是世界上第一个严格实行立法、行政、和司法三权分立的国家,所以,政府信息和出版物也可按这三大部门分为三大类。其中行政部门产生的政府信息和出版物最多。
本文拟对美国政府出版物的出版发行作一概述,对联邦寄存图书馆制度的发展历史作一介绍,并对美国联邦政府文献的编目作出解释,希望中国的政府、法律、图书馆界的朋友能用他山之石攻中国政府文献之玉。
一.政府出版物的出版发行与联邦寄存图书馆制度的发展历史
1. 立国之初:指定私人出版政府出版物及其寄存图书馆
1776年美国立国后的近百年间,国会众议院指定私人出版商如:Gales, Seaton, Blair and Rivers出版政府信息。美国立国之初,政府出版物的发行范围仅限政府机关和政府官员。1813年,国会立法指定国会参众两院所有的会议纪录都要交给选定的大学、州政府、和历史协会的图书馆收藏。1850年代,国会通过了若干立法,从而奠定了美国政府信息出版和寄存制度。这些法律和行动主要包括:
1852年:《印刷法》(Printing Act of 1852)在内政部任命了一位政府出版主管
1857年:内政部部长可指定政府出版物寄存图书馆
1858:国会授权其众议员在他们的选区内指定政府出版物寄存图书馆
1859:国会授权其众议员在他们的州内指定政府出版物寄存图书馆
2. 1860年:设立政府印刷局
1860年,国会通过《1860年印刷法》,“政府印刷局” (the Government Printing Office) (GPO) 建立,主要负责整合政府信息的印刷和出版。1861年3月4日, 政府印刷局局长同美国第16位总统林肯同一天宣誓就职。
1876年,国会立法将政府出版物主管头衔从Superintendent of Public Printing改为 Public Printer,并将该职位的提名权交给总统,而确认权归于参议院。1887年,美国政府建立了地质出版物寄存图书馆(Geological depositories) ,1895年,建立专利出版物寄存图书馆(Patent depositories)。《1895年印刷法》(1)将“联邦寄存图书馆办公室“并入”政府印刷局”;(2)规定联邦寄存图书馆所有政府出版物都要免费供公众查阅;(3)集中出版发行以避免浪费;(4)将行政机关和军校的图书馆列入联邦寄存图书馆;(5)该法编入《美国法典》第44篇。
至1895年,美国全国已有420个联邦寄存图书馆。所有联邦寄存图书馆必须将政府出版物纳入馆藏。同年,《政府出版物目录月刊》(Monthly Catalog)的出版为图书馆和公众对搜集和检索政府出版物提供了很大的便利。
1895-1903年间,政府出版物的书架编号系统(SuDocs Classification)由其图书馆员Ms. Adelaide Hasse 编成。1923年,联邦寄存图书制度允许联邦寄存图书馆选收政府出版物。此举有利与联邦寄存图书馆按照其服务对象的需要选收政府出版物。
至1923年,全美已有联邦寄存图书馆418个。
3. 1930年代:出版发行《联邦公报》和《联邦行政法典》
1930年代,美国经历经济大萧条,罗斯福总统推行“新政”(NEW DEAL)。自此联邦政府开始对美国经济的各个领域和层面进行干预。行政命令也因此大量发布。由于当时没有很好的行政命令的发表和出版发行制度,公众对政府行政命令不知情,违法现象层出不穷。不久,美国最高法院针对两个案件作出的最后裁决促使国会制定以下两个法律 〔U.S. v. Smith, 293 U.S. 633 (1934) 和Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935)〕:
1935年:《联邦公报法》(Federal Register Act)要求政府出版发行《联邦公报》( Federal Register)
1938 年:编撰和出版《联邦行政法典》(Code of Federal Regulations)
按照《联邦公报法》和《联邦行政法典》规定,美国联邦行政机构如要新制定新的行政法规或修改现行行政法规,必须先在《联邦公报》 (Federal Register)上发表,供公众评议,确定后,要再次在《联邦公报》上发表,最后由 《联邦公报》办公室(Office of Federal Register)按主题分类方式分别编入《联邦行政法典》(Code of Federal Regulations, 其缩写是CFR)。自1936年3月14日起《联邦公报》每个工作日(星期一到星期五)发行一期,公众可以在任何联邦寄存图书馆免费阅读。1938年,联邦政府按主题分类的方式将当时所有有效的行政法规法典化,编纂出《联邦行政法典》,并将之出版发行。目前,一套《联邦行政法典》大约有200本左右,每年全套更新一次,分四个季度逐渐更新。在更新时,新法规加入,旧法规随之被删除。
《联邦公报》内容简介
1) 总统文件, 如公告、行政命令
2) 行政法规及其他具有普遍性和规范性的文件
3) 行政法规规章议案(包括议案全文、提案机关的议项和听证会通知)
4) 行政许可申请期限和被取消的行政许可等通知(announcements of application deadlines or license revocations)
《联邦公报》中的每一个行政规章的内容简介
1) 前言
2) 为什么要修订法规
3) 有关部门的负责人员及其回答询问的负责人
4) 相关资料出处的引注
5) 有关部门的相关政策
6) 对已受到收到的评论所作的解答
7) 有关部门的组织结构
8) 行政规章全文
9) 注明该行政规章将被编入《联邦行政法典》的某部和某章节,以便引用。
在线版(Online)http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces140.html ,含有自1994年出版的所以的《联邦公报》,可免费检索、下载。
4. 1940-1970年代:寄存制度普及发展和《信息自由法》施行
至1945年,美国共有555个联邦寄存图书馆。从1947开始,联邦寄存图书馆每两年都要被检查,确保其符合寄存条件,保证寄存图书馆有能力收藏、篇目、上架、借阅、咨询政府出版物。
1960年代,《1962年寄存法》(the Depository Act of 1962)授权建立地方性寄存图书馆。允许有选择的寄存图书馆(selective depository libraries)仅保存所选的政府出版物不下于五年。增加国会众议员选区内的寄存图书馆从一个到两个。
1966年美国国会通过《信息自由法》(the Freedom of Information Act 1966)。该法律允许任何美国公民向政府要求公布任何政府文件和信息,经美国政府审查后,如不属国家机密,则应当公开。1966-1999年间,公众要求政府信息公开的申请达1,965,919 件,申请处理的达 1,939,668件,因《信息自由法》而产生的政府的管理费达到$286,546,488。
1973年,《政府出版物要览》(Public Documents Highlights )开始发行。1977年,联邦寄存图书馆达到1,200多个。1977年,部分政府出版物开始以微缩胶片形式发行。至1978年,部分法律图书馆加入联邦寄存图书馆的行列,很快大多数法学院的图书馆都加入联邦寄存图书馆以收集与法律相关的联邦政府信息。
5. 1980年代后:进入电子时代
1988年,有些政府出版物开始以CD-ROM 形式发行。进入1990年代,因为互联网的发展,美国国会制定《1993年加强政府印刷局电子信息开放法》(GPO Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act)以推动政府出版物的电子出版进程。该法对相关的政府出版物法律进行修改,要求政府信息以在线(online)方式传播并建立”政府印刷局准入网站“(GPO ACCESS)at http//:www.gpoaccess.gov。很快GPO ACCESS 成为联邦政府最大的信息和门户网站。
至2000年, GPO印刷或制作了多达29,000种政府出版物,包括图书、微缩胶片、 CD-ROM;共计发行12.2百万册各类出版物,GPO 雇佣多达3,000个职员。GPO从过去仅满足国会印刷需要发展成为联邦政府(国会、法院、白宫和130个联邦机构)出版物的印刷、装订、发行、与在线转播的中心。GPO使得美国政府成为世界上最大的出版社。2002年,其共出版发行图书30.5 百万册,各类政府文献从GPO Access (http://www.gpoaccess.gov) 网站上被下载的次数达3.72 亿次。
2002年,美国国会拨付其国家图书馆--国会图书馆(The Library of Congress)的预算为$6.278 亿(国会图书馆中的法律馆: $14.36百万),拨付政府印刷局与联邦出版物寄存图书馆制度的预算(FDLP) 为$1.26 亿。
二. 政府印刷局〔Government Printing Office (GPO)〕
1. 政府印刷局的主要任务
美国政府印刷局的核心使命是确保美国政府信息更新和美国公众获得政府信息的准入(access to government information)。这一使命可以追溯到1813年国会的一项关于确保全体美国人获得政府三大部门(立法,行政,司法)及其分支机构的工作信息的决定。这是政府印刷局代表公众为联邦机构履行的政府内在职能。政府印刷局负责收集,分类,制作,提供和保存所有形式联邦政府出版的信息。
美国政府发布很多重要信息,比如《国会记录》(Congressional Record)和《联邦公报》(Federal Register),这些信息都是由坐落于首都华盛顿的政府印刷局制作的。这个距离国会山仅五个街区的机构占地一百五十万平方英尺,是世界上最大的集信息处理、印刷和发布于一身的机构。除了机构本身的制作设施以外,政府印刷局每天通过遍布全国的私营卖主采购600到1,000份印刷相关的项目。政府的大部分印刷需求都通过与美国印刷企业长期建立的合作关系来满足。
今天,政府印刷局正处于信息技术革新的中心,既要满足人们对印刷品的需求而立足历史使命,又要积极发展电子出版以展望数字未来。政府印刷局现有大约2,250名男女雇员,正努力把这个机构转变为一个具有21世纪水平的数字信息处理中心。
2. 政府印刷局的管理
政府印刷局的首席执行官称为“公共印刷业者”(Public Printer),负责监管政府印刷局,出版国会、联邦行政、和司法机构产生的信息,满足美国大众对政府信息的需要,同时负责日常的印刷、采购和信息传播。
3. 政府印刷局的职能
政府印刷局是联邦政府收集、分类、制作、提供和保存所有形式出版信息的首要、集中来源。政府印刷局负责信息产品的制作和发布,并服务于联邦政府的三大分支机构下设的所有部门。
例如,政府印刷局印制了政府官方版本的《9.11调查委员会报告》,并于“9.11调查委员会”发布其报告的同一时间,即2004年7月,通过政府印刷局网站(GPO Access) 向美国公众免费开放。通过政府印刷局的销售网络,民众可以在同一个时间通过支付最低的印刷成本费从而获得印刷版的报告。与大多数联邦机构不同,政府印刷局的运行方式包括了商业模式,因为它的工作成本可以从消费者那里获得补偿。此外,政府印刷局也向全国参与各个国会选区联邦寄存图书馆计划的超过1,250家图书馆发放免费的报告复印件。
4. “政府印刷局准入”(GPO Access)
“政府印刷局准入”(GPO Access)(http://www.gpoaccess.gov) 是美国政府印刷局提供的的一项旨在提供联邦政府制作的重要信息产品免费电子准入服务。该网站提供的信息是官方版本,而且除了特别注明以外,公众可以不受限制地使用从“政府印刷局准入”上提取的信息。这项免费服务以《1993年政府印刷局电子信息增强法案》(the Government Printing Office Electronic Information Enhancement Act of 1993)(Public Law 103-40)为依据,由联邦寄存图书馆计划资。
三. 联邦寄存图书馆制度(Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP))
1. 联邦寄存图书馆制度的基本使命
联邦寄存图书馆制度(FDLP)由国会建立,旨在确保美国公众拥有政府信息的准入。自1813年以来,寄存图书馆通过收集、整理、维护、保存和协助用户从联邦政府获取信息的方式,确保了公众的知情权。联邦寄存图书馆制度为美国本土及其海外领地(主要指美国的使领馆和军事基地)指定寄存的图书馆提供免费的政府信息。相应地,这些寄存图书馆在本地提供了一个带有专业协助检索的环境,帮助公众免费获得政府准入。作为致力于平等准入和免费、无限制公共使用的机构,这个国家的近1,250家寄存图书馆构成了连接民众和政府的重要纽带之一。任何人都可参观联邦寄存图书馆并使用囊括了就业信息、商业机会、消费者信息、健康营养、法律规章、税务报表、人口统计以及其他各类信息在内的联邦寄存图书馆藏。
2. 联邦寄存制度的三项基本原则
除非有明文法律规定以外, (1)所有联邦政府信息产品允许联邦寄存图书馆收藏;(2)每个州和国会议员的选区都要设有联邦寄存图书馆以方便民众查阅政府信息;(3)所有联邦政府信息,无论何出版形式,都应向公众免费提供。〔《美国法典》第44部第19章的法律规定 (U.S. Code Title 44, Ch. 19)〕。
3. 联邦寄存图书馆现况
现有53家区域性寄存图书馆和1,300多家选存馆,这些选存馆的构成是:
50% 学术界的图书馆
20% 公共图书馆
11% 法律图书室
19% 其他图书馆
寄存图书馆每年为9.5百万人提供信息。政府印刷局提出的21世纪“联邦寄存制”的策略是:
1) 收藏为最后手段(Collection of Last Resort)
2) 传世收藏资料数据化(Digitization of Legacy Collection)
3) 收藏各政府机关生产的数据化信息并向公众提供对这些信息的检索平台(Harvesting of and permanent public access to agency “born digital” information)
4) 建立未来数据系统〔Future Digital System (FDsys)〕
4. 联邦寄存图书馆的作用
选存和保管政府出版物(Collection)
帮助公众准入政府信息(Provide Access for the public):包括了对政府出版物进行编目和上架,提供电脑、上网。
提供咨询服务(Reference):政府信息和正式的出版物比,比较琐碎、复杂或过于专业化,常常外行人不知从何找起,所以需要政府文献图书馆员为他们提供咨询。
训练民众使用(Training)政府信息,以帮助更多的人能充分地利用政府信息,提高他们的学习、工作、业务能力,从而促使社会的进步。定期训练政府信息的使用者也可减轻政府文献图书馆员的负担。
5. 联邦寄存图书馆指导委员会〔(Depository Library Council (DLC)〕
政府印刷局主任领导的“寄存图书馆指导委员会”(DLC) 成立于1972年,负责为与联邦寄存图书馆制度相关的政策性事务,并提供指导。该委员会的工作重心是为印刷局主任、政府文件总管、以及政府印刷局相关工作人员提供关于如何高效管理和运作联邦图书馆制度的实务性选择的意见。寄存图书基本条件:
● 使公众可以免费获得政府出版物;
● 合理维持政府出版物的出版,并使公众得以使用;
● 每两年完成一份隔年汇报,向政府文件总管汇报所管辖的寄存图书馆情况;
● 在政府出版物以外,维持一个不少于10,000本图书的馆藏系列;
● 如果你的图书馆是一个由地区寄存图书馆维持的选择性寄存图书馆,你必须把联邦出版物保存至少五年,除非该出版物被更替或者得到政府文件总管批准;
● 如果你的图书馆不是一个具有由地区性全选的寄存图书馆,而是选择性寄存图书馆,你必须以印刷品或微缩图像的方式永久性得保存至少一份所有政府出版物的拷贝,除非该出版物被更替或者得到政府文件总管批准。
● 如果你的图书馆是一个联邦图书馆,那么你不需要将寄存图书保存五年。所有材料在向国会图书馆和美国档案保管员呈报后皆可随时随地自由处置。丢弃此类馆藏不受地区寄存图书馆管辖。
● 如果你的图书馆是州最高上诉法院的图书馆,你享有以下特权:
没有义务提供免费的寄存资源准入;
没有在丢弃馆藏前必须保存至少五年的要求;
没有必须通过地区寄存图书馆丢弃馆藏的要求。
● 如果你的图书馆是地区寄存图书馆,你负有以下伴随地区指定而来的额外职责:
向该地区寄存所提供馆际租借和检索服务;
协助选择性寄存图书馆处理不需要的政府出版物;
以印刷物或微缩胶片的方式,永久性保存至少一份所有政府出版物的拷贝,除非该出版物被更替或者得到政府文件总管的批准。
四.政府出版物的编目
1.政府出版物的书架编号系统(The SuDoc Call Number System)
政府出版物的书架编号系统(The SuDoc Call Number System,以下简称SuDoc)一个SuDoc号码是由几个要件组成的,从一般到个别,就像将数字从左读到右。一个完整的SuDoc号码独一无二地对应一个出版物。第一个要件是以文件的发文单位的属性来划分的,例如:
Examples 例子
A Agriculture Department 农业部
C Commerce Department 商务部
D Defense Department 国防部
HH Health and Human Services Department 卫生及公共服务部
J Justice Department 司法部
PM Office of Personnel Management 人事办公室
SI Smithsonian Institution 史密森尼博物院
but also还有
X For the title, Congressional Record 《国会档案》
Y1 and Y4 For Congress 国会
Y3 For Commissions and Councils国会各个委员会和顾问团
Y3 和Y4数字包含额外要素,从而鉴别Congressional committee 或Commission/council。额外的要素由一到两个字母和一到两个数字组成, 表示一个机构的名称. 这被称作 “cutter number.” (The Y3 and Y4 numbers carry an additional element that specifies the Congressional committee or the commission/council. This additional element consists of one or two letters and one or two numbers that represent a significant word in the agency‘s name. It’s called a “cutter number.” )例如: Examples 例
Y3.Ad9/8: Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 美国政府间关系咨询委员会
Y3.Af8: African Development Foundation 非洲发展基金会
Y3.C76/3: Consumer Product Safety Commission 消费者产品安全委员会
Y3.Ex7/3: Export-Import Bank of the United States 美国进出口银行
Y4.Ag8/1: Agriculture Committee (House) 农业委员会(众议院)
Y4.Ag8/3: Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee (Senate) 农业、食品和森林委员会(参议院)
Y4.Ec7: Joint Economic Committee 联合经济委员会
Y4.Ed8/1: Education and Workforce Committee (House) 教育和劳工委员会(众议院)
Y4.En2: Energy and Natural Resources Committee (Senate) 能源和自然资源委员会(参议院)
SuDoc的第二个要素代表了“部”的下属机构或独立机构,由3个数字和据点组成(The second element of a SuDoc number represents the subdivision of the cabinet level department or independent agency. This second element is made up of one to three digits, and is followed by a period)。如:
Examples 例
A1. Agriculture Department农业部, publications from the department as a whole 部属出版物
A13. Agriculture Department, Forest Service 农业部, 林业资源管理
C3. Commerce Department, Census Bureau (商务部, 人口局 )
D201. Defense Department, Navy (国防部、海军)
SI8. Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art史密森尼博物院、国家美术馆
SuDoc的第三个要素代表了由该出版机构出版的某一类系列文献。 “系列”在某些情形中包括了所有 “一般出版物”或 “手册、指导”。图书检索号的这一部分位于分支机构后的句号与分号之间,可能由4个数字组成。需要主意的是检索号中的句号只是一个位置划分符号,并不具有十进制的作用。SuDoc数字中的要素组成了一个整体,而不是彼此割列的(A SuDoc number‘s third element represents a specific series of documents published by an agency. “Series” is rather loosely defined in some instances to be catch-all spots for “general publications” or “handbooks, manuals, guides.” This portion of the call number sits between the period after the department subdivision and a colon. It may contain as many as four digits. It’s important to know that the period in the call number is just a place marker, it does not represent a decimal fraction. The numbers in SuDoc number elements file as whole number integers, not as fractions.)。
例如:
Examples that may be used with any department or agency
可用于其他部门的例子:
.1: Annual reports 年度报告
.2: General publications 一般出版物
.5: Laws 法律
.6: Regulations, rules, instructions 条例,法規,指导
一些很大的部门会在句点后使用一个或多个数字用以鉴别不同级别的出版办公室
(Some very large departments use one or more digits after the period to specify an additional level of the issuing agency‘s hierarchy of offices)。如:
Examples 例
HE20.10#: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
身体健康和运动总统顾问团
HE20.30#: Indian Health Service印第安健康服务部
HE20.300#: National Institutes of Health 国家卫生研究院
HE20.310#: National Cancer Institute 国家癌症研究院
除了上述的普通形态的出版物以外,“系列丛书”在这部分的SuDoc号码理还通常指某一文献系列出版物,或甚至指某一期刊(In addition to the general types of publications noted above, “series” in this part of a SuDoc number often equate to a specific bibliographic series of publications, or even a periodical title)。例如:
Examples 例
A1.47: Agricultural statistics 农业数据
C13.22: Journal of Research of the NIST国家标准与技术研究所研究杂志
D114.19: Army Historical Series 军史系列
I19.16: Geological Survey Professional Papers地质调查所专业论文
Y3.EL2/3:10 FEC Journal of Election Administration联邦选举委员会的《选举管理杂志》
Y4.Ec7:7 Economic Indicators经济指标
特别要提到在SuDocY3和Y4号码理的额外数字,这些在冒号(“:”)后面的数字表示特指的系列,即某个系列的名称等(Note that, with the additional element in Y3. and Y4. SuDoc numbers, the element to specify a specific series falls to the right of the colon.)。The final element of a SuDoc number (usually that which follows the colon) identifies a specific title or piece of a serial publication. This part of the call number may have any one of a number of different styles.)。例如:
Examples 例
:1997 the year for an annual publication 年度出版物的年分
:6/8 volume / number sequence 卷/号序列
:1997/10 a year / month sequence 年/月序列
:1234 a report number for publications issued in numerical order 根据数字顺序排列的出版物的刊号
:Et3 a cutter number drawn from a significant title word
2.政府出版物的编目标准(Cataloging Standards)
政府出版物的文献编目标准是根据《英美编目标准,第二版》(the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition)、《国会图书馆解释规则》(Library of Congress Rule Interpretations or LCRIs), MARC21, CONSER, 《OCLC的文献各式和标准,第二版》(OCLC’s Bibliographic Formats and Standards, 2nd ed.)、《GPO 编目指南》(GPO Cataloging Guidelines)、和其他全国性的编目标准来制定的。
以下是GPO对政府文件编目的MARC格式和基本标准:
Fixed Field Requirements: The encoding level (ELvl) must be coded K. Optional fixed fields are NOT used: Audn, Biog, Cont, LitF, Ills, and Indx.
Variable Fields:
Tag
题标 Field Name
段落名 Status
状态 GPO Practice
GPO的做法
006 Additional material characters R Add to original records for electronic resources; retain in all existing and cloned records, if used as required.
007 Physical description fixed field R OCLC does not provide for the inclusion of 007 fields in abridged-level records for paper versions of documents that are text “Type: a”. GPO does not include 007 fields in abridged-level records for electronic resources coded “Type: a” or “m.” However, GPO does include 007 fields in abridged-level records coded “Type: g,” “Type: i” and “Type: j.” GPO also include 007 fields in abridged records coded “Type: a” for original microform (COM) and reproduction microfiche regardless of the original format. GPO retains 007 fields in all existing records, including adapted or cloned records, if used as required per MARC21.
010 LC control no. R Include when available.
020
ISBN R Use subfields “a,” “c,” & “z” as needed.
027 Standard technical report no. (STRN) O Include when included on the technical report page even if found elsewhere in a document.
034 Coded mathematical data O Omit from original records
037 Stock number O Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c,” & “f,” if needed. ERIC and NASA identification numbers are recorded in subfield “a” of this field.
043 Geographic area code O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records
052 Geographic classification code O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records.
074 GPO item number O GPO considers mandatory for documents with item numbers assigned to them.
086 SuDocs class GPO considers mandatory for documents with SuDocs classes assigned to them. Incorrectly assigned SuDocs class numbers, including those appearing on microfiche headers, are recorded in subfield “z.”
088 Report number O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records if used in accordance with GPO-CGs for full-level; record STRNs in 027 field even if also found outside technical report page.
099 Local free text
Call number O GPO considers mandatory for documents with SuDocs classes.
100
110
111
Main entry R Use as required by AACR2; confirm all headings in the NACO authority file. Personal names that are NOT already established are recorded in AACR2 format without a name authority record being established. Corporate body and conference headings that are not already in the authority file must be established. Only persons responsible for authoring a document may be included in the 100 field of AACR2 records. The names of persons identified as principle investigators may be recorded in the 100 field of AACR2 records if it is clear they are the authors of a document. Program directors are not been recorded in the 100 field unless there is definite proof that they are the primary authors of a document.
130 Uniform title main entry O Omit from original records. Retain if appropriately used in adapted records.
240 Uniform title O Omit from original records. Retain if appropriately used in adapted records.
245 Title statement and responsibility area M Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c,” “h,” “n,” & “p” as needed. GPO records the phrases such as final report, preliminary report, and similar phrases as other title information unless they are grammatically linked with the rest of the title, e.g., Final report of the…. Prepared for statements are not added recorded in new and existing records, but are retained in existing records.
246
Varying form of title R Use to record corrected titles, cover titles, added title page titles, and other titles given such prominence by typography or by other means that it is reasonable to assume that the publication is known by it or that some persons might think that it is the main title. GPO does NOT add title added entries for to its original abridged records permutations related to titles proper as provided for in LCRI 21.30J, page 5-12.
250 Edition statement R Use only subfield “a” in original records. Supply edition statement for ERIC and NASA to distinguish their versions of documents from other versions, e.g., 250 [ERIC ed.] or 250 [NASA ed.].
255 Mathematical data area R For atlases only.
260 Publication, distribution, etc., area M Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c” & “g” in original records.
1. Supply the place of publication without a question mark, e.g., [Washington, DC] if not included in the document.
2. Record only the first publisher if it is a Federal agency.
260 Publication, distribution, etc., area (cont.) M 3. Record the first non-Federal publisher followed by the first Federal publisher if the non-Federal publisher appears first.
4. Record the ERIC clearinghouse involved as the 1st or 2nd publisher.
5. Limit the number of publishers recorded in new records to two.
Retain all 260 subfields in existing records if properly included.
1. If the number of publishers are properly recorded in an existing record is 3 or less, retain all.
2. If more than 3 publishers are recorded in an existing record, retain only the first unless the first is not a Federal body and one or more of the other bodies are Federal bodies.
3. If the Federal body issuing a Federal document is not named in it, supply the Federal publisher, based on the SuDocs class as follows: a) in brackets in the 260 subfield “b” if one or two publishers are already properly included; b) in a 500 note if three non-Federal bodies are properly recorded in the 260 field; or c) in the 533 subfield “c” of a reproduction microfiche.
300 Physical description M Use only subfields “a” & “e” in original records; record pagination in new records as 1 v. or 1 sheet where appropriate. Retain explicit pagination in subfield “a” and subfields “b,” “c,” and “e” in existing & cloned records. Do NOT include 300 fields in records for online documents.
440 Series statement, title (traced) O Use only to record established series that are traced the same.
490 Series statement, not traced or traced differently R Record established series traced differently and use 490 1 & 830. Series authority work is not required for K-level records. If series is not established, record in 490 0, untraced. Also record variant forms of a series that are not included in its authority record in 490 0, untraced. Series that have changed their titles and have not been reestablished and series with uniform titles that are no longer appropriate per LCRI 25.5B are not considered established. See also GPO-CG, Authority Records, 5A.
5XX
Notes O Nearly all notes are optional for level K. Omit most notes in original records, including description based on notes in records for multiparts, except for:
1. Notes relative to depository distribution status, such as shipping list numbers and distribution notes.
2. Notes indicating the edition that is being “superseded” or “reprinted.” Usually included in records for Dept. of Defense technical manuals.
3. Notes containing information needed for identification (e.g., “Community numbers” on flood insurance studies, “supersedes” and “reprint notes” on Dept. of Defense technical manuals).
4. Retain notes on existing records if used correctly; add notes relative to depository distribution and those needed for identification if lacking. Retain in existing & cloned records.
5. Notes regarding online access and, if needed, system requirements.
6. Notes containing the title and issue designation of individual serial issues and articles that have been reissued as separate documents, e.g., “Journal of Education, Vol. 25, No. 4.”
505 Contents note O GPO includes in collective records for multiparts if required.
506 Restrictions on access O GPO includes in all records if required.
513 Type of report and period covered O Omit on new records; retain in existing records if correctly used.
530 Other formats available
R Use to record information regarding versions available, including online versions per instructions in GPO-CG: Linking Fields.
533 Photo-reproduction note R Use for items not originally published as microforms, i.e., microfiche reproductions. Includes publishing and distribution information on microfiche (533 subfields “b,” “c,” & “d”), physical description (533 subfield “e”), series statement for MF reproduction (533 subfield “f”), MF reproduction notes (533 subfield “n”), & serial designation (533 subfield “m”). Include the number of microfiche preceding the word “microfiche” in the 533 subfield “e” if known. Do not include the word “negative” following the word “microfiche” in new records, but retain it in existing records if appropriately used.
536 Funding information note O Omit on new records; retain in existing records if used correctly.
538 System details
Mode of access R Use only in electronic resource records to record system requirements for electronic documents and access information for online files.
539
Fixed-length data elements of reproductions O Omit from original & cloned records; retain in existing records if correctly used.
590 Local note O Required for GPO internal use.
650 Subject added entries
O Original records: Add at least one Library of Congress Subject Heading added entry except to records for NASA documents. New LCSH authorities are NOT established for K-level records. Existing records & cloned records, including NASA records: Retain and correct, if necessary, all LCSH added entries if established & appropriate. Add NASA thesaurus terms from NASA CASI records to new and existing NASA records instead of LCSH added entries.
700
710
711 Added entries O
All headings should be confirmed in the authority file. 1. Personal names may be used in AACR2 format without NACO work. 2. Corporate or conference headings not in file must be established to be included. 3. Non-Federal bodies appearing the publication, distribution, etc., area are NOT traced in new records. 4. Non-Federal bodies are NOT traced in “cloned” and existing records if not previously established. 5. Always make an added entry for the issuing Federal agency unless used as the main entry. 6. Include an added entry for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in records for its publications if none of its lower bodies is traced. 7. Include an added entry for the Educational Resources and Information Center in records for its publications if none of its clearinghouses or other subordinate bodies are traced. 8. Corporate bodies appearing in “prepared for” statements are NOT traced in new records and are not retained in “cloned” and existing records if not previously established.
730 Added entry, uniform title R Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records if used correctly.
740 Added entry, uncontrolled materials, analytical title R Use as required by MARC21 instructions & instructions for “single record” online files.
810 Series added entry-corp. name R
Use to record form of an established series entered under corporate body.
830 Series added entry-uniform title R
Use to record form of an established series entered under uniform title.
856 Electronic location and access R Use subfield “u” to record GPO PURL; use subfield “3” to record material specific information and subfield “z” to record other information.
Key to status codes: M = Mandatory(必要); R = Required if applicable or readily available(如需要,要有); O = Optional(可有可无)
SEE ALSO: Cataloging Priorities; Electronic Resources; Creating New OCLC Database Records; Technical Reports.
五.政府文献图书馆专业的作用
1. 政府文献专业图书馆员
政府信息和正式的出版物比较,其出版发行比较琐碎、零散,不固定,个人或单位作者常变更,内容复杂或专业化名词过多,常常外行人不知从何下手;而且联邦政府文献寄存制度也要求寄存图书馆提供专职的图书馆员负责政府出版物的选存,所以政府文献图书馆员应运而生,成为一种专门的图书馆员的职称。
2. 政府文献专业图书馆分会
有了政府文献图书馆员,美国还有有以下两个主要的政府文献或出版物的专业图书馆分会,它们为管理政府文献的图书馆员和GPO的官员提供一个交流他们工作经验、解决问题的平台;游说政府免费为公众体供政府信息;帮助公众使用和检索政府信息;为政府文献的编目提供帮助,以增强书目的检索;加强政府文献图书馆员与其他图书馆员的对话;训练政府文献图书馆员和提供他们的业务水平。
ALA(美国图书馆协会):政府文献圆桌会议(Government Document Round Table), http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/rts/godort/index.cfm
AALL(美国法律图书馆协会):
政府文献分会(AALL Government Document Special Interest Section), http://www.aallnet.org/sis/gd/
游说办公室(Washington Office),http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/
六.中国可以吸收的经验
根据美国政府信息的出版、发行与寄存图书馆的发展经验,同时对比中国政府信息的出版、发行现状,我们可以预见,短期内中国无法建立起像美国政府印刷局这样大规模和统一的出版、发行和寄存政府出版物的制度。但是中国政府可以采取措施充分利用现有资源和已有出版物,具体方式如下:
1. 成立政府文献研究分会
中国图书馆协会已有一批意识到政府信息对各行各业正常运行和发展具有重要作用的图书馆员,我们应组织起来有系统地收集政府出版物并加以分类编目,还要对政府信息的出版和发行进行全面研究,为政府更有系统地出版发行政府信息献计献策,使的政府信息真正成为促进生产发展、人们生活和谐、社会文明进步的战略资源。自2006年以来,”中国法律图书馆论坛在其网站上(http://www.lawlibrary.org.cn/)开通了一个政府出版物和政府信息转播的网页,等有一些有关政府出版物和政府信息公开的会议报导和文章。
2.完善和扩充政府公报内容
目前,国家级的政府公报有:《人大常委会公报》、《国务院公报》、《最高人民法院公报》和《最高人民检察院公报》,但是内容不够丰富。特别是《国务院公报》应刊登所有国务院制定的法规、行政命令、通知、与外国和国际组织签定的条约、公约、协议、备忘录、等规范性的文件,及其各部委的制定的规章等规范性的文件。不仅要完善和扩充中央政府公报内容也要完善和扩充地方各级政府的公报。
3.试行政府出版物的寄存制度
中央政府应将所有中央政府及各部委的政府公报寄存于国家、省、地、市、县级的公共图书馆。省级政府应将所有省及其各厅、局的政府公报寄存于其省、地、市、县、乡级公共图书馆。各地、市、县级的政府公报可按照上述方式依次类推地寄存于下属的公共图书馆。各省级政府公报应该寄存若干份于国家图书馆。同时,中央和省级政府也可以选择一些大学和科研机构图书馆作为政府公报的寄存管。
4.政府信息导航
设立一个与GPO ACCESS 相似的中国政府信息准入网站,不仅提供政府部门的导航,同时提供公开发行的政府出版物及各类信息。国家图书馆应建立一个中央政府信息的导航网站,将政府在网上发布的信息进行分类和导航。国家图书馆还可以对中央政府的出版物进行编目。
各地方的省、市、县公共图书馆也可建立一个为本地政府的信息进行分类和导航的网站,并为公众检索和提取政府信息提供咨询和培训。同样地,地方公共图书馆也可以对本地政府的出版物进行编目。
5.鼓励信息公司出版政府信息
鼓励商业性的信息公司搜集、分类、存贮、再出版政府信息,并对政府信息提供目录、索引、和检索。在美国除了West,Lexis, Aspen 这些大型法律出版社将政府有关法律的信息收集、加工、分析、编辑、注释、索引、等处理后,再出版,还有一些出版社是专门比较直接地再出版政府出版物,如Congressional Information Services(CIS国会信息出版社)以微缩胶片和电子版方式建立大型的美国国会信息资料库(包括各种法律议案和草案文本、法律议案的可行性研究报告、专业委员会的听证记录和评审报告、国会议员的辩论记录,等文献),和Hein再版美国《国会记录》(Congressional Record)和《联邦行政法典》(Code of Federal Regulation)和收集出版专题的立法史料等。这些以商业盈利的出版行为,大大地方便了公众检索和提取政府信息和帮助人们理解和研究政府信息。
在2008年中国图书馆学会召开公共图书馆政府信息服务研讨会发言(重庆2008.10.29)
SuDoc的第二个要素代表了“部”的下属机构或独立机构,由3个数字和据点组成(The second element of a SuDoc number represents the subdivision of the cabinet level department or independent agency. This second element is made up of one to three digits, and is followed by a period)。如:
Examples 例
A1. Agriculture Department农业部, publications from the department as a whole 部属出版物
A13. Agriculture Department, Forest Service 农业部, 林业资源管理
C3. Commerce Department, Census Bureau (商务部, 人口局 )
D201. Defense Department, Navy (国防部、海军)
SI8. Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art史密森尼博物院、国家美术馆
SuDoc的第三个要素代表了由该出版机构出版的某一类系列文献。 “系列”在某些情形中包括了所有 “一般出版物”或 “手册、指导”。图书检索号的这一部分位于分支机构后的句号与分号之间,可能由4个数字组成。需要主意的是检索号中的句号只是一个位置划分符号,并不具有十进制的作用。SuDoc数字中的要素组成了一个整体,而不是彼此割列的(A SuDoc number‘s third element represents a specific series of documents published by an agency. “Series” is rather loosely defined in some instances to be catch-all spots for “general publications” or “handbooks, manuals, guides.” This portion of the call number sits between the period after the department subdivision and a colon. It may contain as many as four digits. It’s important to know that the period in the call number is just a place marker, it does not represent a decimal fraction. The numbers in SuDoc number elements file as whole number integers, not as fractions.)。
例如:
Examples that may be used with any department or agency
可用于其他部门的例子:
.1: Annual reports 年度报告
.2: General publications 一般出版物
.5: Laws 法律
.6: Regulations, rules, instructions 条例,法規,指
一些很大的部门会在句点后使用一个或多个数字用以鉴别不同级别的出版办公室(Some very large departments use one or more digits after the period to specify an additional level of the issuing agency‘s hierarchy of offices)。如:
Examples 例
HE20.10#: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
身体健康和运动总统顾问团
HE20.30#: Indian Health Service印第安健康服务部
HE20.300#: National Institutes of Health 国家卫生研究院
HE20.310#: National Cancer Institute 国家癌症研究院
除了上述的普通形态的出版物以外,“系列丛书”在这部分的SuDoc号码理还通常指某一文献系列出版物,或甚至指某一期刊(In addition to the general types of publications noted above, “series” in this part of a SuDoc number often equate to a specific bibliographic series of publications, or even a periodical title)。例如:
Examples 例
A1.47: Agricultural statistics 农业数据
C13.22: Journal of Research of the NIST国家标准与技术研究所研究杂志
D114.19: Army Historical Series 军史系列
I19.16: Geological Survey Professional Papers地质调查所专业论文
Y3.EL2/3:10 FEC Journal of Election Administration联邦选举委员会的《选举管理杂志》
Y4.Ec7:7 Economic Indicators经济指标
特别要提到在SuDocY3和Y4号码理的额外数字,这些在冒号(“:”)后面的数字表示特指的系列,即某个系列的名称等(Note that, with the additional element in Y3. and Y4. SuDoc numbers, the element to specify a specific series falls to the right of the colon.)。The final element of a SuDoc number (usually that which follows the colon) identifies a specific title or piece of a serial publication. This part of the call number may have any one of a number of different styles.)。例如:
Examples 例
:1997 the year for an annual publication 年度出版物的年分
:6/8 volume / number sequence 卷/号序列
:1997/10 a year / month sequence 年/月序列
:1234 a report number for publications issued in numerical order 根据数字顺序排列的出版物的刊号
:Et3 a cutter number drawn from a significant title word
2.政府出版物的编目标准(Cataloging Standards)
政府出版物的文献编目标准是根据《英美编目标准,第二版》(the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition)、《国会图书馆解释规则》(Library of Congress Rule Interpretations or LCRIs), MARC21, CONSER, 《OCLC的文献各式和标准,第二版》(OCLC’s Bibliographic Formats and Standards, 2nd ed.)、《GPO 编目指南》(GPO Cataloging Guidelines)、和其他全国性的编目标准来制定的。
以下是GPO对政府文件编目的MARC格式和基本标准:
Fixed Field Requirements: The encoding level (ELvl) must be coded K. Optional fixed fields are NOT used: Audn, Biog, Cont, LitF, Ills, and Indx.
Variable Fields:
Tag
题标 Field Name
段落名 Status
状态 GPO Practice
GPO的做法
006 Additional material characters R Add to original records for electronic resources; retain in all existing and cloned records, if used as required.
007 Physical description fixed field R OCLC does not provide for the inclusion of 007 fields in abridged-level records for paper versions of documents that are text “Type: a”. GPO does not include 007 fields in abridged-level records for electronic resources coded “Type: a” or “m.” However, GPO does include 007 fields in abridged-level records coded “Type: g,” “Type: i” and “Type: j.” GPO also include 007 fields in abridged records coded “Type: a” for original microform (COM) and reproduction microfiche regardless of the original format. GPO retains 007 fields in all existing records, including adapted or cloned records, if used as required per MARC21.
010 LC control no. R Include when available.
020
ISBN R Use subfields “a,” “c,” & “z” as needed.
027 Standard technical report no. (STRN) O Include when included on the technical report page even if found elsewhere in a document.
034 Coded mathematical data O Omit from original records
037 Stock number O Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c,” & “f,” if needed. ERIC and NASA identification numbers are recorded in subfield “a” of this field.
043 Geographic area code O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records
052 Geographic classification code O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records.
074 GPO item number O GPO considers mandatory for documents with item numbers assigned to them.
086 SuDocs class GPO considers mandatory for documents with SuDocs classes assigned to them. Incorrectly assigned SuDocs class numbers, including those appearing on microfiche headers, are recorded in subfield “z.”
088 Report number O Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records if used in accordance with GPO-CGs for full-level; record STRNs in 027 field even if also found outside technical report page.
099 Local free text
Call number O GPO considers mandatory for documents with SuDocs classes.
100
110
111
Main entry R Use as required by AACR2; confirm all headings in the NACO authority file. Personal names that are NOT already established are recorded in AACR2 format without a name authority record being established. Corporate body and conference headings that are not already in the authority file must be established. Only persons responsible for authoring a document may be included in the 100 field of AACR2 records. The names of persons identified as principle investigators may be recorded in the 100 field of AACR2 records if it is clear they are the authors of a document. Program directors are not been recorded in the 100 field unless there is definite proof that they are the primary authors of a document.
130 Uniform title main entry O Omit from original records. Retain if appropriately used in adapted records.
240 Uniform title O Omit from original records. Retain if appropriately used in adapted records.
245 Title statement and responsibility area M Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c,” “h,” “n,” & “p” as needed. GPO records the phrases such as final report, preliminary report, and similar phrases as other title information unless they are grammatically linked with the rest of the title, e.g., Final report of the…. Prepared for statements are not added recorded in new and existing records, but are retained in existing records.
246
Varying form of title R Use to record corrected titles, cover titles, added title page titles, and other titles given such prominence by typography or by other means that it is reasonable to assume that the publication is known by it or that some persons might think that it is the main title. GPO does NOT add title added entries for to its original abridged records permutations related to titles proper as provided for in LCRI 21.30J, page 5-12.
250 Edition statement R Use only subfield “a” in original records. Supply edition statement for ERIC and NASA to distinguish their versions of documents from other versions, e.g., 250 [ERIC ed.] or 250 [NASA ed.].
255 Mathematical data area R For atlases only.
260 Publication, distribution, etc., area M Use subfields “a,” “b,” “c” & “g” in original records.
1. Supply the place of publication without a question mark, e.g., [Washington, DC] if not included in the document.
2. Record only the first publisher if it is a Federal agency.
260 Publication, distribution, etc., area (cont.) M 3. Record the first non-Federal publisher followed by the first Federal publisher if the non-Federal publisher appears first.
4. Record the ERIC clearinghouse involved as the 1st or 2nd publisher.
5. Limit the number of publishers recorded in new records to two.
Retain all 260 subfields in existing records if properly included.
1. If the number of publishers are properly recorded in an existing record is 3 or less, retain all.
2. If more than 3 publishers are recorded in an existing record, retain only the first unless the first is not a Federal body and one or more of the other bodies are Federal bodies.
3. If the Federal body issuing a Federal document is not named in it, supply the Federal publisher, based on the SuDocs class as follows: a) in brackets in the 260 subfield “b” if one or two publishers are already properly included; b) in a 500 note if three non-Federal bodies are properly recorded in the 260 field; or c) in the 533 subfield “c” of a repr,,,,oduction microfiche.
300 Physical description M Use only subfields “a” & “e” in original records; record pagination in new records as 1 v. or 1 sheet where appropriate. Retain explicit pagination in subfield “a” and subfields “b,” “c,” and “e” in existing & cloned records. Do NOT include 300 fields in records for online documents.
440 Series statement, title (traced) O Use only to record established series that are traced the same.
490 Series statement, not traced or traced differently R Record established series traced differently and use 490 1 & 830. Series authority work is not required for K-level records. If series is not established, record in 490 0, untraced. Also record variant forms of a series that are not included in its authority record in 490 0, untraced. Series that have changed their titles and have not been reestablished and series with uniform titles that are no longer appropriate per LCRI 25.5B are not considered established. See also GPO-CG, Authority Records, 5A.
5XX
Notes O Nearly all notes are optional for level K. Omit most notes in original records, including description based on notes in records for multiparts, except for:
1. Notes relative to depository distribution status, such as shipping list numbers and distribution notes.
2. Notes indicating the edition that is being “superseded” or “reprinted.” Usually included in records for Dept. of Defense technical manuals.
3. Notes containing information needed for identification (e.g., “Community numbers” on flood insurance studies, “supersedes” and “reprint notes” on Dept. of Defense technical manuals).
4. Retain notes on existing records if used correctly; add notes relative to depository distribution and those needed for identification if lacking. Retain in existing & cloned records.
5. Notes regarding online access and, if needed, system requirements.
6. Notes containing the title and issue designation of individual serial issues and articles that have been reissued as separate documents, e.g., “Journal of Education, Vol. 25, No. 4.”
505 Contents note O GPO includes in collective records for multiparts if required.
506 Restrictions on access O GPO includes in all records if required.
513 Type of report and period covered O Omit on new records; retain in existing records if correctly used.
530 Other formats available
R Use to record information regarding versions available, including online versions per instructions in GPO-CG: Linking Fields.
533 Photo-reproduction note R Use for items not originally published as microforms, i.e., microfiche reproductions. Includes publishing and distribution information on microfiche (533 subfields “b,” “c,” & “d”), physical description (533 subfield “e”), series statement for MF reproduction (533 subfield “f”), MF reproduction notes (533 subfield “n”), & serial designation (533 subfield “m”). Include the number of microfiche preceding the word “microfiche” in the 533 subfield “e” if known. Do not include the word “negative” following the word “microfiche” in new records, but retain it in existing records if appropriately used.
536 Funding information note O Omit on new records; retain in existing records if used correctly.
538 Sys,tem details
Mode of access R Use only in electronic resource records to record system requirements for electronic documents and access information for online files.
539
Fixed-length data elements of reproductions O Omit from original & cloned records; retain in existing records if correctly used.
590 Local note O Required for GPO internal use.
650 Subject added entries
O Original records: Add at least one Library of Congress Subject Heading added entry except to records for NASA documents. New LCSH authorities are NOT established for K-level records. Existing records & cloned records, including NASA records: Retain and correct, if necessary, all LCSH added entries if established & appropriate. Add NASA thesaurus terms from NASA CASI records to new and existing NASA records instead of LCSH added entries.
700
710
711 Added entries O
All headings should be confirmed in the authority file. 1. Personal names may be used in AACR2 format without NACO work. 2. Corporate or conference headings not in file must be established to be included. 3. Non-Federal bodies appearing the publication, distribution, etc., area are NOT traced in new records. 4. Non-Federal bodies are NOT traced in “cloned” and existing records if not previously established. 5. Always make an added entry for the issuing Federal agency unless used as the main entry. 6. Include an added entry for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in records for its publications if none of its lower bodies is traced. 7. Include an added entry for the Educational Resources and Information Center in records for its publications if none of its clearinghouses or other subordinate bodies are traced. 8. Corporate bodies appearing in “prepared for” statements are NOT traced in new records and are not retained in “cloned” and existing records if not previously established.
730 Added entry, uniform title R Omit from original records; retain in existing & cloned records if used correctly.
740 Added entry, uncontrolled materials, analytical title R Use as required by MARC21 instructions & instructions for “single record” online files.
810 Series added entry-corp. name R
Use to record form of an established series entered under corporate body.
830 Series added entry-uniform title R
Use to record form of an established series entered under uniform title.
856 Electronic location and access R Use subfield “u” to record GPO PURL; use subfield “3” to record material specific information and subfield “z” to record other information.
Key to status codes: M = Mandatory(必要); R = Required if applicable or readily available(如需要,要有); O = Optional(可有可无)
SEE ALSO: Cataloging Priorities; Electronic Resources; Creating New OCLC Database Records; Technical Reports.
五.政府文献图书馆专业的作用
1. 政府文献专业图书馆员
政府信息和正式的出版物比较,其出版发行比较琐碎、零散,不固定,个人或单位作者常变更,内容复杂或专业化名词过多,常常外行人不知从何下手;而且联邦政府文献寄存制度也要求寄存图书馆提供专职的图书馆员负责政府出版物的选存,所以政府文献图书馆员应运而生,成为一种专门的图书馆员的职称。
2. 政府文献专业图书馆分会
有了政府文献图书馆员,美国还有有以下两个主要的政府文献或出版物的专业图书馆分会,它们为管理政府文献的图书馆员和GPO的官员提供一个交流他们工作经验、解决问题的平台;游说政府免费为公众体供政府信息;帮助公众使用和检索政府信息;为政府文献的编目提供帮助,以增强书目的检索;加强政府文献图书馆员与其他图书馆员的对话;训练政府文献图书馆员和提供他们的业务水平。
ALA(美国图书馆协会):政府文献圆桌会议(Government Document Round Table), http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/rts/godort/index.cfm
AALL(美国法律图书馆协会):
政府文献分会(AALL Government Document Special Interest Section), http://www.aallnet.org/sis/gd/
游说办公室(Washington Office),http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/
六.中国可以吸收的经验
根据美国政府信息的出版、发行与寄存图书馆的发展经验,同时对比中国政府信息的出版、发行现状,我们可以预见,短期内中国无法建立起像美国政府印刷局这样大规模和统一的出版、发行和寄存政府出版物的制度。但是中国政府可以采取措施充分利用现有资源和已有出版物,具体方式如下:
1. 成立政府文献研究分会
中国图书馆协会已有一批意识到政府信息对各行各业正常运行和发展具有重要作用的图书馆员,我们应组织起来有系统地收集政府出版物并加以分类编目,还要对政府信息的出版和发行进行全面研究,为政府更有系统地出版发行政府信息献计献策,使的政府信息真正成为促进生产发展、人们生活和谐、社会文明进步的战略资源。自2006年以来,”中国法律图书馆论坛在其网站上(http://www.lawlibrary.org.cn/)开通了一个政府出版物和政府信息转播的网页,等有一些有关政府出版物和政府信息公开的会议报导和文章。
2.完善和扩充政府公报内容
目前,国家级的政府公报有:《人大常委会公报》、《国务院公报》、《最高人民法院公报》和《最高人民检察院公报》,但是内容不够丰富。特别是《国务院公报》应刊登所有国务院制定的法规、行政命令、通知、与外国和国际组织签定的条约、公约、协议、备忘录、等规范性的文件,及其各部委的制定的规章等规范性的文件。不仅要完善和扩充中央政府公报内容也要完善和扩充地方各级政府的公报。
3.试行政府出版物的寄存制度
中央政府应将所有中央政府及各部委的政府公报寄存于国家、省、地、市、县级的公共图书馆。省级政府应将所有省及其各厅、局的政府公报寄存于其省、地、市、县、乡级公共图书馆。各地、市、县级的政府公报可按照上述方式依次类推地寄存于下属的公共图书馆。各省级政府公报应该寄存若干份于国家图书馆。同时,中央和省级政府也可以选择一些大学和科研机构图书馆作为政府公报的寄存管。
4.政府信息导航
设立一个与GPO ACCESS 相似的中国政府信息准入网站,不仅提供政府部门的导航,同时提供公开发行的政府出版物及各类信息。国家图书馆应建立一个中央政府信息的导航网站,将政府在网上发布的信息进行分类和导航。国家图书馆还可以对中央政府的出版物进行编目。
各地方的省、市、县公共图书馆也可建立一个为本地政府的信息进行分类和导航的网站,并为公众检索和提取政府信息提供咨询和培训。同样地,地方公共图书馆也可以对本地政府的出版物进行编目。
5.鼓励信息公司出版政府信息
鼓励商业性的信息公司搜集、分类、存贮、再出版政府信息,并对政府信息提供目录、索引、和检索。在美国除了West,Lexis, Aspen 这些大型法律出版社将政府有关法律的信息收集、加工、分析、编辑、注释、索引、等处理后,再出版,还有一些出版社是专门比较直接地再出版政府出版物,如Congressional Information Services(CIS国会信息出版社)以微缩胶片和电子版方式建立大型的美国国会信息资料库(包括各种法律议案和草案文本、法律议案的可行性研究报告、专业委员会的听证记录和评审报告、国会议员的辩论记录,等文献),和Hein再版美国《国会记录》(Congressional Record)和《联邦行政法典》(Code of Federal Regulation)和收集出版专题的立法史料等。这些以商业盈利的出版行为,大大地方便了公众检索和提取政府信息和帮助人们理解和研究政府信息。